Showing posts with label grammar. Show all posts
Showing posts with label grammar. Show all posts
Definition:
A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a dependent clause.
See also:
- Adjective Clause
- Adverb Clause
- Comparative Clause
- Complement Clause
- Complex Sentence
- Compound-Complex Sentence
- Conditional Clause
- Exercise in Identifying Adjective Clauses
- Exercise in Identifying Adverb Clauses
- Noun Clause
- Relative Clause
- Subordinating Conjunction
- Subordination
Examples and Observations:
- "Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect."
(Mark Twain) - "When I'm good, I'm very, very good, but when I'm bad, I'm better."
(Mae West, I'm No Angel) - "Memory is deceptive because it is colored by today's events."
(Albert Einstein) - "If you can't leave in a taxi you can leave in a huff. If that's too soon, you can leave in a minute and a huff.
(Groucho Marx, Duck Soup) - "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."
(John F. Kennedy) - "Man, when you lose your laugh, you lose your footing."
(Ken Kesey) - "Every book is a children's book if the kid can read."
(Mitch Hedberg) - Finite clauses are introduced by a subordinator, which serves to indicate the dependent status of the clause together with its circumstantial meaning. Formally, subordinating conjunctions can be grouped as follows:
- simple conjunctions: when, whenever, where, wherever, because, if, unless, until, while, as, although
- conjunctive groups: as if, as though, even if, even though, even when, soon after, no sooner
- complex conjunctions:: there are three subclasses:
(i) derived from verbs . . .: provided (that), granted (that), considering (that), seeing (that), suppose (that), supposing (that), so (that)
(ii) containing a noun: in case, in the event that, to the extent that, in spite of the fact that, the day, the way
(iii) adverbial: so/as long as, as soon as, so/as far as, much as, now (that)
- Subordinate Clauses in Poetry
"When I heard the learn’d astronomer;
When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me;
When I was shown the charts and the diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them;
When I, sitting, heard the astronomer, where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room,
How soon, unaccountable, I became tired and sick;
Till rising and gliding out, I wander’d off by myself,
In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time,
Look’d up in perfect silence at the stars."
(Walt Whitman, "When I heard the Learn’d Astronomer." Leaves of Grass)
Definition:
A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a subordinate clause. Dependent clauses include adverb clauses, adjective clauses, and noun clauses.
A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a subordinate clause. Dependent clauses include adverb clauses, adjective clauses, and noun clauses.
Examples and Observations:
"A dependent clause (also called a subordinate clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone, because something about it implies that there is more to come. On its own, a dependent clause is left hanging, its meaning incomplete. It must be combined with an independent clause in order to form a complete sentence.
"One type of dependent clause is essentially an independent clause with a subordinating word tacked on. Specifically, it opens with a conjunction that indicates a dependent relationship with information elsewhere in the sentence."
(Anne Stilman, Grammatically Correct. Writer's Digest Books, 1997)
"Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle."
(Philo)
"Never forget me, because if I thought you would, I'd never leave." (A. A. Milne)
"It is the sweet, simple things of life which are the real ones after all." (Laura Ingalls Wilder)
"If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?"
(Albert Einstein)
"There can be levels of complexity within complex sentences. Within a dependent clause, for instance, there can be another dependent clause. For example, in the following sentence there is a main clause . . ., a dependent clause in an adverbial relationship with the main clause (in italics), and a dependent clause [bold italics] in an adverbial relationship with the first dependent clause:
If you want to survive the elements when you go hiking, you should remember to bring along a drink, pocket knife, whistle, map, torch, compass, blanket and food. (Peter Knapp and Megan Watkins, Genre, Text, Grammar: Technologies for Teaching and Assessing Writing. University of New South Wales Press, 2005)
"Never play cards with a man called Doc. Never eat at a place called Mom's. Never sleep with a woman whose troubles are worse than your own."
(Nelson Algren)
"We learn what we have said from those who listen to our speaking."
(Kenneth Patchen)
"I still need the camera because it is the only reason anyone is talking to me."
(Annie Leibovitz)
"It doesn't matter who my father was; it matters who I remember he was."
(Anne Sexton)
"When I was young, I used to admire intelligent people; as I grow older, I admire kind people."
(Abraham Joshua Heschel)
"A dependent clause (also called a subordinate clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone, because something about it implies that there is more to come. On its own, a dependent clause is left hanging, its meaning incomplete. It must be combined with an independent clause in order to form a complete sentence.
"One type of dependent clause is essentially an independent clause with a subordinating word tacked on. Specifically, it opens with a conjunction that indicates a dependent relationship with information elsewhere in the sentence."
(Anne Stilman, Grammatically Correct. Writer's Digest Books, 1997)
"Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle."
(Philo)
"Never forget me, because if I thought you would, I'd never leave." (A. A. Milne)
"It is the sweet, simple things of life which are the real ones after all." (Laura Ingalls Wilder)
"If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?"
(Albert Einstein)
"There can be levels of complexity within complex sentences. Within a dependent clause, for instance, there can be another dependent clause. For example, in the following sentence there is a main clause . . ., a dependent clause in an adverbial relationship with the main clause (in italics), and a dependent clause [bold italics] in an adverbial relationship with the first dependent clause:
If you want to survive the elements when you go hiking, you should remember to bring along a drink, pocket knife, whistle, map, torch, compass, blanket and food. (Peter Knapp and Megan Watkins, Genre, Text, Grammar: Technologies for Teaching and Assessing Writing. University of New South Wales Press, 2005)
"Never play cards with a man called Doc. Never eat at a place called Mom's. Never sleep with a woman whose troubles are worse than your own."
(Nelson Algren)
"We learn what we have said from those who listen to our speaking."
(Kenneth Patchen)
"I still need the camera because it is the only reason anyone is talking to me."
(Annie Leibovitz)
"It doesn't matter who my father was; it matters who I remember he was."
(Anne Sexton)
"When I was young, I used to admire intelligent people; as I grow older, I admire kind people."
(Abraham Joshua Heschel)
Definition:
A dependent clause used as an adjective within a sentence. Also known as an adjectival clause or a relative clause. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or azero relative.
"There are two basic types of adjective clauses.
"The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.
"The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which room."
(Jack Umstatter, Got Grammar? Wiley, 2007)
Examples:
"He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead."
(Albert Einstein)
"Creatures whose mainspring is curiosity enjoy the accumulating of facts far more than the pausing at times to reflect on those facts."
(Clarence Day)
"Among those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh."
(W. H. Auden)
"Short, fat, and of a quiet disposition, he appeared to spend a lot of money on really bad clothes, which hung about his squat frame like skin on a shrunken toad."
(John le Carré, Call for the Dead, 1961)
"Love, which was once believed to contain the Answer, we now know to be nothing more than an inherited behavior pattern."
(James Thurber)
"The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men."
(Martin Luther King, Jr.)
"The IRS spends God knows how much of your tax money on these toll-free information hot lines staffed by IRS employees, whose idea of a dynamite tax tip is that you should print neatly."
(Dave Barry)
"On I trudged, past the carefully roped-off breeding grounds of terns, which chirruped a warning overhead."
(Will Self, "A Real Cliff Hanger," 2008)
"The man that invented the cuckoo clock is no more."
(Mark Twain)
"Afterwards, in the dusty little corners where London's secret servants drink together, there was argument about where the Dolphin case history should really begin."
(John le Carré, The Honourable Schoolboy, 1977)
"The man who first abused his fellows with swear words, instead of bashing their brains out with a club, should be counted among those who laid the foundations of civilization."
(John Cohen, 1965)
A dependent clause used as an adjective within a sentence. Also known as an adjectival clause or a relative clause. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or azero relative.
"There are two basic types of adjective clauses.
"The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.
"The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which room."
(Jack Umstatter, Got Grammar? Wiley, 2007)
Examples:
"He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead."
(Albert Einstein)
"Creatures whose mainspring is curiosity enjoy the accumulating of facts far more than the pausing at times to reflect on those facts."
(Clarence Day)
"Among those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh."
(W. H. Auden)
"Short, fat, and of a quiet disposition, he appeared to spend a lot of money on really bad clothes, which hung about his squat frame like skin on a shrunken toad."
(John le Carré, Call for the Dead, 1961)
"Love, which was once believed to contain the Answer, we now know to be nothing more than an inherited behavior pattern."
(James Thurber)
"The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men."
(Martin Luther King, Jr.)
"The IRS spends God knows how much of your tax money on these toll-free information hot lines staffed by IRS employees, whose idea of a dynamite tax tip is that you should print neatly."
(Dave Barry)
"On I trudged, past the carefully roped-off breeding grounds of terns, which chirruped a warning overhead."
(Will Self, "A Real Cliff Hanger," 2008)
"The man that invented the cuckoo clock is no more."
(Mark Twain)
"Afterwards, in the dusty little corners where London's secret servants drink together, there was argument about where the Dolphin case history should really begin."
(John le Carré, The Honourable Schoolboy, 1977)
"The man who first abused his fellows with swear words, instead of bashing their brains out with a club, should be counted among those who laid the foundations of civilization."
(John Cohen, 1965)
The name "adverbial" suggests that adverbial clauses modify verbs; but they modify wholeclauses, as shown by the examples [below]. Their other key property is that they areadjuncts, since they are typically optional constituents in sentences. They are traditionally classified according to their meaning, for example adverbial clauses of reason, time, concession, manner or condition, as illustrated below.
a. Reason
Because Marianne loved Willoughby, she refused to believe that he had deserted her.
b. Time
When Fanny returned, she found Tom Bertram very ill.
c. Concession
Although Mr D'Arcy disliked Mrs Bennet he married Elizabeth.
d. Manner
Henry changed his plans as the mood took him.
e. Condition
If Emma had left Hartfield, Mr Woodhouse would have been unhappy.
(Jim Miller, An Introduction to English Syntax. Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2002)
Examples:
"This is the West, sir. When the legend becomes fact, print the legend."
(newspaper editor to Senator Ransom Stoddart in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, 1962)
"All human beings should try to learn before they die what they are running from, and to, and why."
(attributed to James Thurber)
Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it."
(Helen Keller, "Optimism: An Essay," 1903)
"The greatest thrill in the world is to end the game with a home run and watch everybody else walk off the field while you're running the bases on air."
(Al Rosen, third-baseman for the Cleveland Indians, 1947-1956)
"Again at eight o’clock, when the dark lanes of the Forties were five deep with throbbing taxi cabs, bound for the theatre district, I felt a sinking in my heart. Forms leaned together in the taxis as they waited, and voices sang, and there was laughter from unheard jokes, and lighted cigarettes outlined unintelligible gestures inside."
(F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, 1925)
"The swift December dusk had come tumbling clownishly after its dull day, and, as he stared through the dull square of the window of the schoolroom, he felt his belly crave for its food."
(James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 1916)
"Though we thumped, wept, and chanted "We want Ted" for minutes after he hid in the dugout,he did not come back."
(John Updike, "Hub Fans Bid Kid Adieu," 1960)
"I drank some boiling water because I wanted to whistle."
(Mitch Hedberg)
"I generally avoid temptation unless I can't resist it."
(Mae West)
"When fascism comes to America, it will be wrapped in the flag, carrying a cross."
(Sinclair Lewis, 1935)
"When I was coming up, I practiced all the time because I thought if I didn't I couldn't do my best."
(Herbie Hancock)
"And when the broken hearted people
Living in the world agree,
There will be an answer, let it be.
For though they may be parted there is
Still a chance that they will see
There will be an answer, let it be."
(John Lennon and Paul McCartney, "Let It Be")
"If I ever opened a trampoline store, I don't think I'd call it Trampo-Land, because you might think it was a store for tramps, which is not the impression we are trying to convey with our store."
(Jack Handey, Deep Thoughts, 1992)
"According to legend, when Lady Godiva pleaded with her husband, the Earl of Mercia, to cancel a burdensome tax he had levied against his subjects, he agreed to do so only if she rode naked through the city."
(Jim Hargan, "The City of Lady Godiva." British Heritage, January 2001)
"Experience is what you get when you didn't get what you wanted."
(Randy Pausch, The Last Lecture, 2008)
a. Reason
Because Marianne loved Willoughby, she refused to believe that he had deserted her.
b. Time
When Fanny returned, she found Tom Bertram very ill.
c. Concession
Although Mr D'Arcy disliked Mrs Bennet he married Elizabeth.
d. Manner
Henry changed his plans as the mood took him.
e. Condition
If Emma had left Hartfield, Mr Woodhouse would have been unhappy.
(Jim Miller, An Introduction to English Syntax. Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2002)
Examples:
"This is the West, sir. When the legend becomes fact, print the legend."
(newspaper editor to Senator Ransom Stoddart in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, 1962)
"All human beings should try to learn before they die what they are running from, and to, and why."
(attributed to James Thurber)
Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it."
(Helen Keller, "Optimism: An Essay," 1903)
"The greatest thrill in the world is to end the game with a home run and watch everybody else walk off the field while you're running the bases on air."
(Al Rosen, third-baseman for the Cleveland Indians, 1947-1956)
"Again at eight o’clock, when the dark lanes of the Forties were five deep with throbbing taxi cabs, bound for the theatre district, I felt a sinking in my heart. Forms leaned together in the taxis as they waited, and voices sang, and there was laughter from unheard jokes, and lighted cigarettes outlined unintelligible gestures inside."
(F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, 1925)
"The swift December dusk had come tumbling clownishly after its dull day, and, as he stared through the dull square of the window of the schoolroom, he felt his belly crave for its food."
(James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 1916)
"Though we thumped, wept, and chanted "We want Ted" for minutes after he hid in the dugout,he did not come back."
(John Updike, "Hub Fans Bid Kid Adieu," 1960)
"I drank some boiling water because I wanted to whistle."
(Mitch Hedberg)
"I generally avoid temptation unless I can't resist it."
(Mae West)
"When fascism comes to America, it will be wrapped in the flag, carrying a cross."
(Sinclair Lewis, 1935)
"When I was coming up, I practiced all the time because I thought if I didn't I couldn't do my best."
(Herbie Hancock)
"And when the broken hearted people
Living in the world agree,
There will be an answer, let it be.
For though they may be parted there is
Still a chance that they will see
There will be an answer, let it be."
(John Lennon and Paul McCartney, "Let It Be")
"If I ever opened a trampoline store, I don't think I'd call it Trampo-Land, because you might think it was a store for tramps, which is not the impression we are trying to convey with our store."
(Jack Handey, Deep Thoughts, 1992)
"According to legend, when Lady Godiva pleaded with her husband, the Earl of Mercia, to cancel a burdensome tax he had levied against his subjects, he agreed to do so only if she rode naked through the city."
(Jim Hargan, "The City of Lady Godiva." British Heritage, January 2001)
"Experience is what you get when you didn't get what you wanted."
(Randy Pausch, The Last Lecture, 2008)
Definition:
A conjunction that introduces a dependent clause. Compare with Coordinating Conjunction.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
Clause
as
because
in order that
since
so that
Concession and Comparison
although
as
as though
even though
just as
though
whereas
while
Condition
even if
if
in case
provided that
unless
Place
where
wherever
Time
after
as soon as
as long as
before
once
still
till
until
when
whenever
while
Examples and Observations:
"English has a wide range of subordinate conjunctions: that, if, though, although, because, when, while, after, before, and so forth. . . . They are placed before a complete sentence orindependent clause to make that clause dependent. This dependent clause now needs to attach to another clause that is independent. Otherwise, a sentence fragment results:
*When Doris bought the cake. (Mark Honegger, English Grammar for Writing. Houghton Mifflin, 2005)
"While the State exists, there can be no freedom. When there is freedom there will be no State."
(Vladimir Lenin)
"If everyone demanded peace instead of another television set, then there would be peace."
(John Lennon)
"I can believe anything, provided that it is quite incredible."
(Oscar Wilde)
"Every man, wherever he goes, is encompassed by a cloud of comforting convictions, which move with him like flies on a summer day."
(Bertrand Russell)
"A platitude is simply a truth repeated until people get tired of hearing it."
(Stanley Baldwin)
"I had a funny feeling as I saw the house disappear, as though I had written a poem and it was very good and I had lost it and would never remember it again."
(Raymond Chandler, The High Window, 1942)
"Most subordinate clauses are signalled by the use of a subordinating conjunction. There are three main types:
- simple subordinators consist of one word:
although, if, since, that, unless, until, whereas, while, etc.
- complex subordinators consist of more than one word:
in order that, such that, granted (that), assuming (that), so (that), as long as, insofar as, in case, etc.
- correlative subordinators consist of 'pairs' of words which relate two parts of the sentence:
as . . . so . . ., scarcely . . . when . . ., if . . . then . . ., etc. (David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Longman, 2004)
"I am always doing that which I can not do, in order that I may learn how to do it."
(Pablo Picasso)
"If I had to live my life again, I'd make the same mistakes, only sooner."
(Tallulah Bankhead)
"These are white-looking figures, whereas the men who are about to spar have on dark headguards that close grimly around the face like an executioner's hood."
(Edward Hoagland, "Heart's Desire," 1973)
A conjunction that introduces a dependent clause. Compare with Coordinating Conjunction.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
Clause
as
because
in order that
since
so that
Concession and Comparison
although
as
as though
even though
just as
though
whereas
while
Condition
even if
if
in case
provided that
unless
Place
where
wherever
Time
after
as soon as
as long as
before
once
still
till
until
when
whenever
while
Examples and Observations:
"English has a wide range of subordinate conjunctions: that, if, though, although, because, when, while, after, before, and so forth. . . . They are placed before a complete sentence orindependent clause to make that clause dependent. This dependent clause now needs to attach to another clause that is independent. Otherwise, a sentence fragment results:
*When Doris bought the cake. (Mark Honegger, English Grammar for Writing. Houghton Mifflin, 2005)
"While the State exists, there can be no freedom. When there is freedom there will be no State."
(Vladimir Lenin)
"If everyone demanded peace instead of another television set, then there would be peace."
(John Lennon)
"I can believe anything, provided that it is quite incredible."
(Oscar Wilde)
"Every man, wherever he goes, is encompassed by a cloud of comforting convictions, which move with him like flies on a summer day."
(Bertrand Russell)
"A platitude is simply a truth repeated until people get tired of hearing it."
(Stanley Baldwin)
"I had a funny feeling as I saw the house disappear, as though I had written a poem and it was very good and I had lost it and would never remember it again."
(Raymond Chandler, The High Window, 1942)
"Most subordinate clauses are signalled by the use of a subordinating conjunction. There are three main types:
- simple subordinators consist of one word:
although, if, since, that, unless, until, whereas, while, etc.
- complex subordinators consist of more than one word:
in order that, such that, granted (that), assuming (that), so (that), as long as, insofar as, in case, etc.
- correlative subordinators consist of 'pairs' of words which relate two parts of the sentence:
as . . . so . . ., scarcely . . . when . . ., if . . . then . . ., etc. (David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Longman, 2004)
"I am always doing that which I can not do, in order that I may learn how to do it."
(Pablo Picasso)
"If I had to live my life again, I'd make the same mistakes, only sooner."
(Tallulah Bankhead)
"These are white-looking figures, whereas the men who are about to spar have on dark headguards that close grimly around the face like an executioner's hood."
(Edward Hoagland, "Heart's Desire," 1973)
Definition:
Words, phrases, and clauses that make one element of a sentence dependent on (or subordinate to) another.Clauses joined by coordination are main clauses. This is in contrast to subordination, which joins a main clause and a subordinate clause.
Examples and Observations:
"While the miser is merely a capitalist gone mad, the capitalist is a rational miser."
(Karl Marx)
"You'd better beat it. You can leave in a taxi. If you can't get a taxi, you can leave in a huff.If that's too soon, you can leave in a minute and a huff."
(Groucho Marx)
"Unless one is inordinately fond of subordination, one is always at war."
(Philip Roth)
"Subordination-heavy sentences are probably our most common type of sentence, either spoken or written, though they are more complicated than they may seem at first glance. In fact, this sentence by Thomas Cahill seems quite ordinary until we examine it more closely:
In the time-honored fashion of the ancient world, he opens the book at random, intending to receive as a divine message the first sentence his eyes should fall upon. -- How the Irish Saved Civilization (57) Cahill's basic sentence about St. Augustine is 'he opened the book.' But the sentence begins with two orienting prepositional phrases ('In the time-honored fashion' and 'of the ancient world') and adds detail at the end with a prepositional phrase ('at random') and aparticipial phrase ('intending . . .'). There is also an infinitive phrase ('to receive . . .') and asubordinate clause ('his eyes should fall upon'). For the reader, comprehending this sentence is much simpler than describing it."
(Donna Gorrell, Style and Difference. Houghton Mifflin, 2005)
"[T]he notion of subordination will be defined here exclusively in functional terms. Subordination will be regarded as a particular way to construe the cognitive relation between two events, such that one of them (which will be called the dependent event) lacks an autonomous profile, and is construed in the perspective of the other event (which will be called the main event). This definition is largely based on the one provided in Langacker (1991: 435-7). For instance, in Langacker's terms, the English sentence in (1.3),
(1.3) After she drank the wine, she went to sleep. profiles the event of going to sleep, not the event of drinking the wine. . . . What matters here is that the definition pertains to cognitive relations between events, not any particular clause type. This means that the notion of subordination is independent of the way in which clause linkage is realized across languages."
(Sonia Cristofaro, Subordination. Oxford Univ. Press, 2003)
Words, phrases, and clauses that make one element of a sentence dependent on (or subordinate to) another.Clauses joined by coordination are main clauses. This is in contrast to subordination, which joins a main clause and a subordinate clause.
Examples and Observations:
"While the miser is merely a capitalist gone mad, the capitalist is a rational miser."
(Karl Marx)
"You'd better beat it. You can leave in a taxi. If you can't get a taxi, you can leave in a huff.If that's too soon, you can leave in a minute and a huff."
(Groucho Marx)
"Unless one is inordinately fond of subordination, one is always at war."
(Philip Roth)
"Subordination-heavy sentences are probably our most common type of sentence, either spoken or written, though they are more complicated than they may seem at first glance. In fact, this sentence by Thomas Cahill seems quite ordinary until we examine it more closely:
In the time-honored fashion of the ancient world, he opens the book at random, intending to receive as a divine message the first sentence his eyes should fall upon. -- How the Irish Saved Civilization (57) Cahill's basic sentence about St. Augustine is 'he opened the book.' But the sentence begins with two orienting prepositional phrases ('In the time-honored fashion' and 'of the ancient world') and adds detail at the end with a prepositional phrase ('at random') and aparticipial phrase ('intending . . .'). There is also an infinitive phrase ('to receive . . .') and asubordinate clause ('his eyes should fall upon'). For the reader, comprehending this sentence is much simpler than describing it."
(Donna Gorrell, Style and Difference. Houghton Mifflin, 2005)
"[T]he notion of subordination will be defined here exclusively in functional terms. Subordination will be regarded as a particular way to construe the cognitive relation between two events, such that one of them (which will be called the dependent event) lacks an autonomous profile, and is construed in the perspective of the other event (which will be called the main event). This definition is largely based on the one provided in Langacker (1991: 435-7). For instance, in Langacker's terms, the English sentence in (1.3),
(1.3) After she drank the wine, she went to sleep. profiles the event of going to sleep, not the event of drinking the wine. . . . What matters here is that the definition pertains to cognitive relations between events, not any particular clause type. This means that the notion of subordination is independent of the way in which clause linkage is realized across languages."
(Sonia Cristofaro, Subordination. Oxford Univ. Press, 2003)
Definition:
A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a dependent clause.
Examples and Observations:
Examples and Observations:
- "Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect."
(Mark Twain) - "When I'm good, I'm very, very good, but when I'm bad, I'm better."
(Mae West, I'm No Angel) - "Memory is deceptive because it is colored by today's events."
(Albert Einstein) - "If you can't leave in a taxi you can leave in a huff. If that's too soon, you can leave in a minute and a huff.
(Groucho Marx, Duck Soup) - "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."
(John F. Kennedy) - "Man, when you lose your laugh, you lose your footing."
(Ken Kesey) - "Every book is a children's book if the kid can read."
(Mitch Hedberg) - Finite clauses are introduced by a subordinator, which serves to indicate the dependent status of the clause together with its circumstantial meaning. Formally, subordinating conjunctions can be grouped as follows:
- simple conjunctions: when, whenever, where, wherever, because, if, unless, until, while, as, although
- conjunctive groups: as if, as though, even if, even though, even when, soon after, no sooner
- complex conjunctions:: there are three subclasses:
(i) derived from verbs . . .: provided (that), granted (that), considering (that), seeing (that), suppose (that), supposing (that), so (that)
(ii) containing a noun: in case, in the event that, to the extent that, in spite of the fact that, the day, the way
(iii) adverbial: so/as long as, as soon as, so/as far as, much as, now (that)
- Subordinate Clauses in Poetry
"When I heard the learn’d astronomer;
When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me;
When I was shown the charts and the diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them;
When I, sitting, heard the astronomer, where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room,
How soon, unaccountable, I became tired and sick;
Till rising and gliding out, I wander’d off by myself,
In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time,
Look’d up in perfect silence at the stars."
(Walt Whitman, "When I heard the Learn’d Astronomer." Leaves of Grass)
Definition:
A group of words made up of a subject and a predicate. An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence.By itself, an independent clause (also known as a main clause) is a simple sentence.
Examples and Observations:
A clause is a group of words that [contains] a subject and a verb. There are two major types:independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, beginning with a capital letter and ending with terminal punctuation such as a period. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence; instead it must be attached to an independent clause."
(G. Lutz and D. Stevenson, The Writer's Digest Grammar Desk Reference, 2005)
A group of words made up of a subject and a predicate. An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence.By itself, an independent clause (also known as a main clause) is a simple sentence.
Examples and Observations:
A clause is a group of words that [contains] a subject and a verb. There are two major types:independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, beginning with a capital letter and ending with terminal punctuation such as a period. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence; instead it must be attached to an independent clause."
(G. Lutz and D. Stevenson, The Writer's Digest Grammar Desk Reference, 2005)
"When liberty is taken away by force, it can be restored by force. When it is relinquished
voluntarily by default, it can never be recovered."
(Dorothy Thompson)
(Dorothy Thompson)
"The average man does not want to be free. He simply wants to be safe.
(H.L. Mencken)
"When people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen.
(Ernest Hemingway)
"I was born when you kissed me. I died when you left me. I lived a few weeks while you loved me."
(Humphrey Bogart in the movie In a Lonely Place)
"Advertising is the rattling of a stick inside a swill bucket."
(George Orwell)
"Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter.
(Jack Benny)
"Her hat is a creation that will never go out of style; it will just look ridiculous year after year."
(Fred Allen)
"Comedy has to be based on truth. You take the truth and you put a little curlicue at the end. (Sid Caesar)
"If opportunity doesn't knock, build a door."
(Milton Berle)
"What's another word for 'thesaurus'?"
(Steven Wright)
"You have a responsibility to the public discourse, and you fail miserably."
(Jon Stewart to Tucker Carlson on CNN's Crossfire, Oct. 2004)
"A schedule defends from chaos and whim."
(Annie Dillard)
(H.L. Mencken)
"When people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen.
(Ernest Hemingway)
"I was born when you kissed me. I died when you left me. I lived a few weeks while you loved me."
(Humphrey Bogart in the movie In a Lonely Place)
"Advertising is the rattling of a stick inside a swill bucket."
(George Orwell)
"Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter.
(Jack Benny)
"Her hat is a creation that will never go out of style; it will just look ridiculous year after year."
(Fred Allen)
"Comedy has to be based on truth. You take the truth and you put a little curlicue at the end. (Sid Caesar)
"If opportunity doesn't knock, build a door."
(Milton Berle)
"What's another word for 'thesaurus'?"
(Steven Wright)
"You have a responsibility to the public discourse, and you fail miserably."
(Jon Stewart to Tucker Carlson on CNN's Crossfire, Oct. 2004)
"A schedule defends from chaos and whim."
(Annie Dillard)
Definition:
A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. A clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within another sentence (a dependent clause).
Types of Clauses:
Adjective Clause
Adverbial Clause
Comment Clause
Comparative Clause
Complement Clause
Conditional Clause
Independent Clause
Main Clause
Matrix Clause
Noun Clause
Relative Clause
Subordinate Clause
Verbless Clause
Etymology:
From the Latin, "the close of a sentence"
A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. A clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within another sentence (a dependent clause).
Types of Clauses:
Adjective Clause
Adverbial Clause
Comment Clause
Comparative Clause
Complement Clause
Conditional Clause
Independent Clause
Main Clause
Matrix Clause
Noun Clause
Relative Clause
Subordinate Clause
Verbless Clause
Etymology:
From the Latin, "the close of a sentence"
Examples:
"Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it."
(Ferris Bueller's Day Off)
(Note: "Life moves pretty fast" and "you could miss it" are independent clauses. "If you don't stop and look around once in a while" is an adverb clause.)
"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."
(George Orwell, Animal Farm)
(Note: Orwell's sentence contains two independent clauses joined by the conjunction "and." This combination is called a compound sentence.)
"A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."
(Virginia Woolf, "A Room of Her Own")
(Note: Woolf's sentence begins with an independent clause--"A woman must have money and a room of her own"--and ends with an adverb clause. This combination is called a complex sentence.)
"A man who won't die for something is not fit to live."
(Martin Luther King, Jr.)
(Note: In King's sentence, the independent clause--"A man is not fit to live"--is interrupted by an adjective clause. This is also a complex sentence.)
"I was more independent than any farmer in Concord, for I was not anchored to a house or farm, but could follow the bent of my genius, which is a very crooked one, every moment."
(Henry David Thoreau)
(Note: Thoreau's sentence contains two independent clauses joined by the conjunction"for"; the second independent clause is interrupted by an adjective clause--"which is a very crooked one." This combination is called a compound-complex sentence.)
"Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it."
(Ferris Bueller's Day Off)
(Note: "Life moves pretty fast" and "you could miss it" are independent clauses. "If you don't stop and look around once in a while" is an adverb clause.)
"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."
(George Orwell, Animal Farm)
(Note: Orwell's sentence contains two independent clauses joined by the conjunction "and." This combination is called a compound sentence.)
"A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."
(Virginia Woolf, "A Room of Her Own")
(Note: Woolf's sentence begins with an independent clause--"A woman must have money and a room of her own"--and ends with an adverb clause. This combination is called a complex sentence.)
"A man who won't die for something is not fit to live."
(Martin Luther King, Jr.)
(Note: In King's sentence, the independent clause--"A man is not fit to live"--is interrupted by an adjective clause. This is also a complex sentence.)
"I was more independent than any farmer in Concord, for I was not anchored to a house or farm, but could follow the bent of my genius, which is a very crooked one, every moment."
(Henry David Thoreau)
(Note: Thoreau's sentence contains two independent clauses joined by the conjunction"for"; the second independent clause is interrupted by an adjective clause--"which is a very crooked one." This combination is called a compound-complex sentence.)
Pengertian dan Jenis Noun :
Nouns (Kata Benda) adalah segala sesuatu yang kita lihat atau dapat kita bicarakan dan yang menunjukkan orang, benda, tempat, tumbuhan, hewan, gagasan dan sebagainya.
Nouns (Kata Benda) adalah segala sesuatu yang kita lihat atau dapat kita bicarakan dan yang menunjukkan orang, benda, tempat, tumbuhan, hewan, gagasan dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
soldier - Alan - cousin - Frenchman (Nama Orang)
rat - zebra - lion - aardvark (Nama Binatang)
house - London - factory - shelter (Nama Tempat)
table - frame - printer - chisel (Nama Objek)
lead - nitrogen - water - ice (Nama untuk Substansi)
kindness - beauty - bravery - wealth - faith (Nama Kualitas)
rowing - cooking - barking - reading - listening (Nama Aksi)
month - inch - day - pound - ounce (Nama Ukuran)
Kata Benda dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu:
1. Concrete Nouns
2. Abstract Nouns
Penjelasan
1. Concrete Nouns
Yaitu nama orang, tempat, atau benda dan sebagainya yang dapat ditangkap dengan panca indera, yakni benda-benda yang kongkret.
contoh:
car
house
chair
book
2. Abstract Nouns
Yaitu kata benda yang tak dapat diraba dengan panca indera.
rat - zebra - lion - aardvark (Nama Binatang)
house - London - factory - shelter (Nama Tempat)
table - frame - printer - chisel (Nama Objek)
lead - nitrogen - water - ice (Nama untuk Substansi)
kindness - beauty - bravery - wealth - faith (Nama Kualitas)
rowing - cooking - barking - reading - listening (Nama Aksi)
month - inch - day - pound - ounce (Nama Ukuran)
Kata Benda dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu:
1. Concrete Nouns
2. Abstract Nouns
Penjelasan
1. Concrete Nouns
Yaitu nama orang, tempat, atau benda dan sebagainya yang dapat ditangkap dengan panca indera, yakni benda-benda yang kongkret.
contoh:
car
house
chair
book
2. Abstract Nouns
Yaitu kata benda yang tak dapat diraba dengan panca indera.
Contoh:
happiness
sadness
wisdom
courage
health
Concrete Nouns terbagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu:
1. Common Nouns
Yaitu kata benda yang menunjukkan jenis, kelas dari benda-benda, tempat dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
Car
Man
Bridge
Town
Water
Metal
Ammonia
2. Proper Nouns
Yaitu nama orang, tempat dan sebagainya yang khusus untuk dia saja. Proper Nouns selalu diawali dengan huruf kapital.
Contoh:
Michael
Africa
Peking
Dayton Peace Accord
United Nations
The Tower of London
Uncle George
("Uncle" diawali dengan huruf kapital karena kata tersebut sudah menjadi bagian dari namanya.)
My favourite auntie is Auntie Sally.
The Red Lion
3. Collective Nouns
Berupa manusia (people), binatang (animals) dan suatu benda (things). Beberapa kata tertentu biasanya atau selalu digunakan untuk membuat collective nouns.
Contoh:
Choir
Team
Jury
Shoal
Cabinet (of ministers)
Regiment
4. Material Nouns
Yaitu nama yang menunjukkan nama benda yang terjadi dengan sendirinya dan bukan buatan manusia.
Contoh:
gold
water
fish
iron
blood
5. Compound Nouns
Yaitu yang merupakan gabungan dari dua kata atau lebih.
Contoh:
Mother-in-law
Board of members
Court-martial
Manservant
Paper-clip
happiness
sadness
wisdom
courage
health
Concrete Nouns terbagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu:
1. Common Nouns
Yaitu kata benda yang menunjukkan jenis, kelas dari benda-benda, tempat dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
Car
Man
Bridge
Town
Water
Metal
Ammonia
2. Proper Nouns
Yaitu nama orang, tempat dan sebagainya yang khusus untuk dia saja. Proper Nouns selalu diawali dengan huruf kapital.
Contoh:
Michael
Africa
Peking
Dayton Peace Accord
United Nations
The Tower of London
Uncle George
("Uncle" diawali dengan huruf kapital karena kata tersebut sudah menjadi bagian dari namanya.)
My favourite auntie is Auntie Sally.
The Red Lion
3. Collective Nouns
Berupa manusia (people), binatang (animals) dan suatu benda (things). Beberapa kata tertentu biasanya atau selalu digunakan untuk membuat collective nouns.
Contoh:
Choir
Team
Jury
Shoal
Cabinet (of ministers)
Regiment
4. Material Nouns
Yaitu nama yang menunjukkan nama benda yang terjadi dengan sendirinya dan bukan buatan manusia.
Contoh:
gold
water
fish
iron
blood
5. Compound Nouns
Yaitu yang merupakan gabungan dari dua kata atau lebih.
Contoh:
Mother-in-law
Board of members
Court-martial
Manservant
Paper-clip
Verbs (kata kerja) adalah kata yang menunjukkan nama perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subyek, namun mungkin juga untuk menunjukkan keadaan. Verbs biasanya menjadi Predikat dari suatu kalimat.
Contoh:
Henry comes from London.
My brother studies in America.
She is very beautiful.
They are diligent.
Macam-macam Kata Kerja
1. Finite Verb (Kata Kerja Biasa)
Ciri-ciri Kata Kerja Jenis ini adalah sebagai berikut:
Bila dipakai dalam kalimat tanya dan negative perlu memakai kata kerja bantu do, does atau did.
Bentuknya dapat berubah-ubah oleh tense.
Biasanya mempunyai bentuk-bentuk:
Infinitive
Present Participle
Gerund
Past Tense
Present Tense
Past Participle
Contoh:
Ms. Anne reads a novel. (Infinitive)
Ms. Anne is reading a novel. (Present Participle)
Does Ms. Anne read a novel?
Ms. Anne read a novel. (Past Tense)
Ms. Anne has read a novel. (Past Participle)
2. Auxiliary Verbs (Kata Kerja Bantu)
Yaitu kata kerja yang digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lain untuk menyatakantindakan atau keadaan, atau berfungsi untuk melengkapi fungsi gramatikal.
Kata Kerja Auxiliary adalah:
Is, am, are
Was, were
Do, does, did
Has, have, had
Can, could
May, might
Will, would
Shall, should
Must
Ought to
Had better
Need, Dare (Dapat juga berfungsi sebagai Kata Kerja Biasa)
3. Linking Verbs (Kata Kerja Penghubung)
Yaitu kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subject dengan complement-nya. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan subject tersebut dinamakan subject complement. Jika kata Kerja Penghubung tersebut kita gantikan dengan be (am, is, are, was, dll.), maka maknanya tidak berubah.
Linking Verbs yang umum adalah:
be (am, is, are, was, dll.)
look
stay
appear
become
remain
taste
feel
seem
smell
grow
sound
Contoh:
The actress is beautiful.
Alex looks serious. (= Alex is serious).
The cakes smell delicious (=the cakes are delicious).
4. Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)
Yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat atau melengkapi makna kalimat.
Kata kerja Transitive diantaranya adalah: Drink, watch, read, fill, open, close, dll
Contoh:
He watches the film. (Kalimat ini tidak akan lengkap, jika "the film" kita hilangkan. Orang lain akan bertanya-tanya - menonton apa?, maka watch (menonton) membutuhkan object agar makna kalimat tersebut dapat dipahami).
The man cuts the tree.
5. Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Tidak Membutuhkan Objek)
Yaitu adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.
Kata-kata kerja yang termasuk Intransitive verbs diantaranya adalah: Shine, come, sit, boil, sleep, fall, cry, dll.
Contoh:
The baby cries.
My mother is sleeping.
The water boils.
Catatan:
Ada juga beberapa kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transitive maupun intransitive verbs.
Contoh:
He drops his bottles. (transitif)
The rain drops from the sky. (intransitif)
The contestants still misunderstood then. (transitif)
The contestants still misunderstood. (intransitif)
They grow the rubber trees. (transitif)
Rice grows in the fertile soil. (intransitif)
Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai Objective Noun yang mempunyai satu kesatuan makna dengan kata kerjanya. Objeknya disebut Cognate Object.
Contoh:
He played the fool. (Dia bermain gila-gilaan).
He laughs a hard laugh. (Dia tertawa lebar).
He slept a sound sleep. (Dia tidur nyenyak).
He died a miserable death. (Dia mati melarat).
Contoh:
Henry comes from London.
My brother studies in America.
She is very beautiful.
They are diligent.
Macam-macam Kata Kerja
1. Finite Verb (Kata Kerja Biasa)
Ciri-ciri Kata Kerja Jenis ini adalah sebagai berikut:
Bila dipakai dalam kalimat tanya dan negative perlu memakai kata kerja bantu do, does atau did.
Bentuknya dapat berubah-ubah oleh tense.
Biasanya mempunyai bentuk-bentuk:
Infinitive
Present Participle
Gerund
Past Tense
Present Tense
Past Participle
Contoh:
Ms. Anne reads a novel. (Infinitive)
Ms. Anne is reading a novel. (Present Participle)
Does Ms. Anne read a novel?
Ms. Anne read a novel. (Past Tense)
Ms. Anne has read a novel. (Past Participle)
2. Auxiliary Verbs (Kata Kerja Bantu)
Yaitu kata kerja yang digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lain untuk menyatakantindakan atau keadaan, atau berfungsi untuk melengkapi fungsi gramatikal.
Kata Kerja Auxiliary adalah:
Is, am, are
Was, were
Do, does, did
Has, have, had
Can, could
May, might
Will, would
Shall, should
Must
Ought to
Had better
Need, Dare (Dapat juga berfungsi sebagai Kata Kerja Biasa)
3. Linking Verbs (Kata Kerja Penghubung)
Yaitu kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subject dengan complement-nya. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan subject tersebut dinamakan subject complement. Jika kata Kerja Penghubung tersebut kita gantikan dengan be (am, is, are, was, dll.), maka maknanya tidak berubah.
Linking Verbs yang umum adalah:
be (am, is, are, was, dll.)
look
stay
appear
become
remain
taste
feel
seem
smell
grow
sound
Contoh:
The actress is beautiful.
Alex looks serious. (= Alex is serious).
The cakes smell delicious (=the cakes are delicious).
4. Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)
Yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat atau melengkapi makna kalimat.
Kata kerja Transitive diantaranya adalah: Drink, watch, read, fill, open, close, dll
Contoh:
He watches the film. (Kalimat ini tidak akan lengkap, jika "the film" kita hilangkan. Orang lain akan bertanya-tanya - menonton apa?, maka watch (menonton) membutuhkan object agar makna kalimat tersebut dapat dipahami).
The man cuts the tree.
5. Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Tidak Membutuhkan Objek)
Yaitu adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.
Kata-kata kerja yang termasuk Intransitive verbs diantaranya adalah: Shine, come, sit, boil, sleep, fall, cry, dll.
Contoh:
The baby cries.
My mother is sleeping.
The water boils.
Catatan:
Ada juga beberapa kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transitive maupun intransitive verbs.
Contoh:
He drops his bottles. (transitif)
The rain drops from the sky. (intransitif)
The contestants still misunderstood then. (transitif)
The contestants still misunderstood. (intransitif)
They grow the rubber trees. (transitif)
Rice grows in the fertile soil. (intransitif)
Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai Objective Noun yang mempunyai satu kesatuan makna dengan kata kerjanya. Objeknya disebut Cognate Object.
Contoh:
He played the fool. (Dia bermain gila-gilaan).
He laughs a hard laugh. (Dia tertawa lebar).
He slept a sound sleep. (Dia tidur nyenyak).
He died a miserable death. (Dia mati melarat).
Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun sudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempuma sebelum ditambah kata-kata lain.
Kata Kerja jenis ini diantaranya adalah: make, name, call, find, declare, suppose, consider, bring, give, appoint, seen, hear, dll.
Contoh:
I will make you happy.
I appoint him to be my assistant.
Ada juga kata kerja yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:
Kata Kerja + Preposition + Object
Kata Kerja + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing
Contoh:
We talked about the problem.
She felt sorry for coming late.
Kata-kata kerja untuk pola kedua diantaranya adalah: succeed in, think about/of, dream of, dream about, approve of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, angry with, sorry for, thanks for, dll.
Ada juga Kata Kerja tertentu yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:
Kata Kerja + Object + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing
Contoh:
They accused me of telling lies.
Do you suspect the man of being a spy?
I congratulated Bob on passing the exam.
What prevented him from coming to the party?
I thanked her for being so helpful.
6. Regular & Irregular Verbs
Regular Verb adalah kata kerja yang dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan bentuk tense; dan perubahan bentuk kata kerja itu secara teratur.
Contoh perubahan Kata Kerja jenis ini adalah:
Call - called - called
Admit - admitted - admitted
Submit - submitted - submitted
Invite - invited - invited
Kata Kerja jenis ini diantaranya adalah: make, name, call, find, declare, suppose, consider, bring, give, appoint, seen, hear, dll.
Contoh:
I will make you happy.
I appoint him to be my assistant.
Ada juga kata kerja yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:
Kata Kerja + Preposition + Object
Kata Kerja + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing
Contoh:
We talked about the problem.
She felt sorry for coming late.
Kata-kata kerja untuk pola kedua diantaranya adalah: succeed in, think about/of, dream of, dream about, approve of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, angry with, sorry for, thanks for, dll.
Ada juga Kata Kerja tertentu yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:
Kata Kerja + Object + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing
Contoh:
They accused me of telling lies.
Do you suspect the man of being a spy?
I congratulated Bob on passing the exam.
What prevented him from coming to the party?
I thanked her for being so helpful.
6. Regular & Irregular Verbs
Regular Verb adalah kata kerja yang dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan bentuk tense; dan perubahan bentuk kata kerja itu secara teratur.
Contoh perubahan Kata Kerja jenis ini adalah:
Call - called - called
Admit - admitted - admitted
Submit - submitted - submitted
Invite - invited - invited
Irregular Verb adalah kata kerja yang mempunyai fungsi sama dengan regular verb, tetapi perubahan bentuk kata kerja ini secara tidak teratur.
Contoh perubahan kata kerja jenis ini adalah:
Read - Read - Read
Come - came - come
Begin - began - begun
Sleep - slept - slept
Contoh perubahan kata kerja jenis ini adalah:
Read - Read - Read
Come - came - come
Begin - began - begun
Sleep - slept - slept